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The zener diode is reversed. And if the Signal Source has a bipolar output (that is, it can pull the Arduino input up to 5 V or pull it down to ground), then R2 is not needed unless you are counting on it to form a 94% voltage divider with R1.
ak
For the schematic in post #25, the Arduino can drive Q2 directly without R2 or D2. Increase R4 to 10K to reduce unnecessary power loss. If you want the MOSFET to source current at +12V rather than sink current from a +12V load, then you need a P-channel MOSFET as the power switch and an inverting driver transistor. That can be a small n-channel MOSFET such as a 2N7002, or a small NPN bipolar such as a 2N4401 plus a base resistor. The driver transistor can be replaced by a zener diode, but only if the MOSFET is a logic-level type. I recommend a less-restrictive FET selection and the 2N7002.
ak
No this will not give you any voltage. I assume you want to switch power to another device which runs from +15 Volts? And control it from the Arduino. You need a P version of MOSFET. This will however switch a circuits common connection if you wanted to, this is called low side switching. But I gather you want it the other way around.
https://www.google.co.uk/search?q=mosfet+power+switch&biw=1384&bih=654&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=0ahUKEwjU4IW9hcXJAhXIvBQKHXZECWEQ_AUIBygC#imgrc=_RtISalFRD5ZKM:
For the schematic in post #25, the Arduino can drive Q2 directly without R2 or D2. Increase R4 to 10K to reduce unnecessary power loss. If you want the MOSFET to source current at +12V rather than sink current from a +12V load, then you need a P-channel MOSFET as the power switch and an inverting driver transistor. That can be a small n-channel MOSFET such as a 2N7002, or a small NPN bipolar such as a 2N4401 plus a base resistor. The driver transistor can be replaced by a zener diode, but only if the MOSFET is a logic-level type. I recommend a less-restrictive FET selection and the 2N7002.
ak