Why is the CD4013 not connected to the power supply?
It definitely needs to be connected to +5 V and GND. However, this may simply be a typical omission you will find in many schematics. If only one supply voltage is present, it s often assumed that all ICs are connected to that voltage. Doesn't make it easier for amateurs, though
Why is the +5V missing a decoupling capacitor?
Possibly because this is a not too well designed hobby circuit? Who knows. I totally agree, better yet, each chip (IC1, IC2) should have its own decoupling capacitor, right next to the supply pins, connections to the IC as short as possible.
Why are you using an old 555 instead of a new Cmos 555
Where do you take this information from? The schematic says only "IC1 555).
Of course, it is highly recommendable to use the modern CMOS variant.