Wood Gas or Syngas Gasification of Bio-Mass

[Curbie]

Well I finally got down to bio-mass gasification in my read queue, Jim
just mentioned it and I think I first heard of it through Ulysses. An
interesting process and another time tested DIY project intended for
home-scale energy production.

I was surprised to read these gasifiers produce ~20% hydrogen (H2),
~20% carbon monoxide (CO), and small amounts of methane, all of which
are combustible. The output gas also contains 50 to 60% nitrogen (N2)
which is not combustible and occupies volume reducing the volume of
combustible gas.

http://www.woodgas.net/files/FEMA emergency gassifer.pdf

While reading the document it occurred to me that I had seen parts of
this process before while researching hydrogen production using a
thermal-chemical method:

The chemistry and manufacture of hydrogen
by Philip Litherland Teed
http://books.google.com/books?id=iiFDAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1&dq=hydrogen+circular+hearth&output=text

Mainly the function of Pyrolysis in the gasification process:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrolysis

I'm not big about cutting down trees to produce fuel (for me
personally), but I wonder if growing algae which grows fairly quickly
would work as a feedstock for the process???

Thanks,

Curbie

 

[Ulysses]

I'm not big about cutting down trees to produce fuel (for me
personally), but I wonder if growing algae which grows fairly quickly
would work as a feedstock for the process???

I don't know about algae but when this subject was discussed here (not too
long ago) bamboo seemed to be a consideration as a fuel source. To me the
appeal of woodgas/producer gas is that a crop could be grown specifically
for fuel--a renewable energy source. Whenever woodgas is mentioned somebody
usually jumps in with the "cut down all the trees" reaction which does not
seem to be very well thought out. As Jim Wilkins just pointed out all the
waste from the lumber industry could probably be used as fuel plus there is
a substantial amount of waste wood etc from many sources that could probably
be used.

 

[Curbie]

Jim,

You'd use the good trees for lumber, the poorer ones for firewood and
only pyrolize the limbs, bark and sawdust, then burn the remaining
charcoal. As I understand it the difficulty is in handling the tars
and the acids that clog and corrode your equipment.

If I remember correctly, you are fortunate enough to have a piece of
wooded property, my thought is what if someone doesn't have wooded
property, would algae produce a suitable feedstock that could be grown
and carbonized annually???

I read about the tar that is produced by combustion, but didn't
consider any acids in the process, I know burning wood will produce
potassium hydrate (KOH), but I don't know if it's a byproduct of all
bio-mass combustion???

From my reading the charcoal produced from fuel combustion is
necessary for gasification, to start gasification for the first time
requires charcoal to be preloaded. It's my understanding that a
significant percentage (I don't know what %) of fuel is sacrificed to
heat to charcoal to a certain temperature for gasification
(1825°F/1000°C???), so I'm thinking about the notion of a solar oven.

Curbie

 

[Curbie]

Hi Ulysses, (long time)

I don't know about algae but when this subject was discussed here (not too
long ago) bamboo seemed to be a consideration as a fuel source. To me the
appeal of woodgas/producer gas is that a crop could be grown specifically
for fuel--a renewable energy source. Whenever woodgas is mentioned somebody
usually jumps in with the "cut down all the trees" reaction which does not
seem to be very well thought out. As Jim Wilkins just pointed out all the
waste from the lumber industry could probably be used as fuel plus there is
a substantial amount of waste wood etc from many sources that could probably
be used.

From reading about the process, it seems the fuel has two functions
first to generate sacrificial heat for the charcoal (carbon), and
secondly to turn into charcoal itself to replace the charcoal consumed
in the gasification process.

I'm not trying to "hug a tree" it just seems to me that if what the
process is after is charcoal (carbon), algae may be a suitable annual
feedstock, given the time it takes to grow a tree? If you could get
waste wood (sawdust or chips) from my reading you may be in the same
boat as growing a feedstock such as algae, in that the loose or fine
fuel source needs pre-processing to form a bricket so when the bricket
turns to charcoal (carbon) it won't be so fine as to slip through the
grate or "bridge" the grate and starve or impede gasification.

It seems either sawdust/chips or algae would have to be preprocessed
and pressed into brickets.

If this has already been discussed out here I'll look up the thread on
google.

Curbie

 

[Malcom \Mal\ Reynolds]

<2ap0e5pqrr7ipenpti6639lj4j904lhi0i@4ax.
com>,

Well I finally got down to bio-mass gasification in my read queue, Jim
just mentioned it and I think I first heard of it through Ulysses. An
interesting process and another time tested DIY project intended for
home-scale energy production.

I was surprised to read these gasifiers produce ~20% hydrogen (H2),
~20% carbon monoxide (CO), and small amounts of methane, all of which
are combustible. The output gas also contains 50 to 60% nitrogen (N2)
which is not combustible and occupies volume reducing the volume of
combustible gas.

http://www.woodgas.net/files/FEMA emergency gassifer.pdf

While reading the document it occurred to me that I had seen parts of
this process before while researching hydrogen production using a
thermal-chemical method:

The chemistry and manufacture of hydrogen
by Philip Litherland Teed
http://books.google.com/books?id=iiFDAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1&dq=hydrogen+circular+hear
th&output=text

Mainly the function of Pyrolysis in the gasification process:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrolysis

I'm not big about cutting down trees to produce fuel (for me
personally), but I wonder if growing algae which grows fairly quickly
would work as a feedstock for the process???

If you are going to grow algae,
bio-diesel is a much better way to go.
I've seen a process that led me to
believe that you can ferment the remains
to make alcohol and the remains of that
make a high-protein animal feed...which
means you can use the manure to either
run the fermentation process or to feed
the algae

 

[Curbie]

Hi Mal,

If you are going to grow algae,
bio-diesel is a much better way to go.

Pressing oil from lipid baring algae is what got me thinking about
algae for bio-gasification in the first place. If I can get a stain of
lipid baring algae for grow in an open raceway (saving the cost of a
photo-bio-reactor) I still would be left with a lot of bio-mass, if
the remaining bio-mass exceeded my composting needs (my second need)
there still may be room for some bio-gasification.

I've seen a process that led me to
believe that you can ferment the remains
to make alcohol

To ferment alcohol, your chosen strain of algae would need to contain
BOTH lipids (oil) AND some sort of sugar; what stain are you using,
I've been testing Dunaliella tertiolecta.

and the remains of that
make a high-protein animal feed...which
means you can use the manure to either
run the fermentation process or to feed
the algae

I don't know what you've found, but for me a particular non-indigenous
stain of algae is a bit picky about the type and ratio of feed, I've
found that deviating from the non-indigenous strains exact nutrient
requirements seems to invite indigenous strains to come crash the
party.

Curbie

 

[Malcom \Mal\ Reynolds]

<p1f1e51pnqm95ah9v8h74hio71dtdnokql@4ax.
com>,

Hi Mal,

Pressing oil from lipid baring algae is what got me thinking about
algae for bio-gasification in the first place. If I can get a stain of
lipid baring algae for grow in an open raceway (saving the cost of a
photo-bio-reactor) I still would be left with a lot of bio-mass, if
the remaining bio-mass exceeded my composting needs (my second need)
there still may be room for some bio-gasification.

To ferment alcohol, your chosen strain of algae would need to contain
BOTH lipids (oil) AND some sort of sugar; what stain are you using,
I've been testing Dunaliella tertiolecta.

I'm not using anything. I was watching
some show on the Green Network and they
were visiting someone in a lab that was
growing algae to extract "oil". The way
the rest of the segment talked about the
remains led me to believe the part about
fermenting it for alcohol. The rest of
my thoughts just follow what you could
do.

 

[Curbie]

I'm not using anything. I was watching

some show on the Green Network and they
were visiting someone in a lab that was
growing algae to extract "oil". The way
the rest of the segment talked about the
remains led me to believe the part about
fermenting it for alcohol. The rest of
my thoughts just follow what you could
do.

Oh crap, for a minute there I thought I found someone to compare notes
with.

Curbie

 

[Curbie]

Hi Morris,

That'll take a sizable concentrator, but could be done.

I'm interested in any follow-through.

The Helios design at Solar Fire seems to be in the park for
performance attributes 950°C and oven size, I think it will need
tracking for my purposes though. Do you know of any other design
candidates??? I which I'd paid more attention to solar ovens, but the
notion of cooking food with them seemed a bit too primitive to me.
Baking algae for carbon never occurred to me, who knew.

http://www.solarfire.org/Helios,36

I have a lot more reading to do on bio-gasification.

Curbie

 

[Malcom \Mal\ Reynolds]

<h232e5duf1qvdsbvhfou27gdom86skbu3m@4ax.
com>,

Oh crap, for a minute there I thought I found someone to compare notes
with.

Curbie

Sorry to disappoint

 

[Curbie]

Automatic tracking should be fairly easy to implement.
Yes, in summer, but in winter with snow, I'm still thinking about
that?

I don't (but I haven't been looking).

Let me know if find something you like, I recall seeing a German
design that had fixed positions for both the oven and mirror, if I
remember correctly the mirror tracked both azimuth and zenith AND had
an interesting mirror "warping" function to focus mirror output on
oven input, but I can't find it again so If someone knows the link or
name of this design please post it.

Curbie

 

[Curbie]

Ok, I finally found the solar oven I was thinking about it's called a
Scheffler's reflective cooker, fixed oven and mirror positions, 1000°C
maximum temperature, and DIY.

I also found the inventor's web-site with description, math, and
manuals.

http://www.solare-bruecke.org/English/scheffler_e-Dateien/scheffler_e.htm

http://www.solare-bruecke.org/Bauanleitungen/Manual of Baking Oven for Scheffler Reflector.pdf

http://www.solare-bruecke.org/Bauanleitungen/indexmanuals.html

Curbie

 

[Ulysses]

Hi Ulysses, (long time)


From reading about the process, it seems the fuel has two functions
first to generate sacrificial heat for the charcoal (carbon), and
secondly to turn into charcoal itself to replace the charcoal consumed
in the gasification process.

I'm not trying to "hug a tree" it just seems to me that if what the
process is after is charcoal (carbon), algae may be a suitable annual
feedstock, given the time it takes to grow a tree? If you could get
waste wood (sawdust or chips) from my reading you may be in the same
boat as growing a feedstock such as algae, in that the loose or fine
fuel source needs pre-processing to form a bricket so when the bricket
turns to charcoal (carbon) it won't be so fine as to slip through the
grate or "bridge" the grate and starve or impede gasification.

It seems either sawdust/chips or algae would have to be preprocessed
and pressed into brickets.

Part of the appeal of biomass gasification, to me anyway, is being able to
use a variety of materials as fuel without very much processing. Once you
start expending energy to process sawdust, algae, etc I think it's time to
re-evaluate and determine if the net gain in energy is sufficient to make
the project worthwhile. I just happen to have a lot of wood chips that may
already be suitable for use without any additional processing. But, I have
not begun to build a gasifier mainly because once you start gathering up all
the parts needed and figuring out exactly how you are going to construct it
things become far more complicated than they first appeared. It seems to be
terribly important to have NO leaks due to the risk of explosion or death
from CO poisoning. Plus the amount of CO that can be produced can be very
lethal in small amounts so this must also be considered.

 

[Ulysses]

Hi Morris,


The Helios design at Solar Fire seems to be in the park for
performance attributes 950°C and oven size, I think it will need
tracking for my purposes though. Do you know of any other design
candidates??? I which I'd paid more attention to solar ovens, but the
notion of cooking food with them seemed a bit too primitive to me.

I don't get why you would call solar cookers "primitive." I made a small,
double-cardboard box cooker many years ago just to try it out. It was not
very advanced and too small to do much cooking but it worked. A couple of
years ago I built one from exterior grade plywood and mirror tiles (instead
of aluminum foil) and it is now a standard outdoor cooking appliance, much
like a BBQ would be. Some things are best cooked on a stove, some on a BBQ,
and some in a conventional oven. And some are best cooked in a solar
cooker. With the right pans etc some foods turn out about as perfect as
they can possibly be cooked. Other things simply taste better--must be the
sunshine added as a "secret ingredient." ;-)

 

[Curbie]

Ulysses,

Part of the appeal of biomass gasification, to me anyway, is being able to
use a variety of materials as fuel

Me too!

without very much processing.

To my understanding, all gasifiers require fuel with some
preprocessing the WWII type wants wants wood cubes .75x.75-2x2 inches
the prevent "bridging", so does the FEMA model, then there are the
pellet models that require palletized fuel like:
http://elevatorman.shawwebspace.ca/pages/view/

Once you start expending energy to process sawdust, algae, etc I think
it's time to re-evaluate and determine if the net gain in energy is
sufficient to make the project worthwhile.

I agree, but it seem to me the net energy evaluation should be applied
to all forms of fuels for gasifiers in that for the WWII and FEMA
types you must first cut the three down, cut the tree in to logs,
transport the logs, split the logs, and then cut the splits into
cubes.

This requires energy too human or powered, I'm not try to bad-mouth
or over-complicate the wood fuel preprocessing, but some since some
preprocessing energy seems required there too, I'm wondering if by
using algae as a annual feedstock how much energy for preprocess is
needed comparatively?

Just thinking out loud, it seems I could pump/pipe water/algae to a
juicer type centrifuge for separation and partial drying (it seems I
would have tree falling, logging, and transport energy equivalence for
this). Then press the separated algae into cubes or pellets (it seems
I would have splitting and cubing energy equivalence for this).

I just happen to have a lot of wood chips that may
already be suitable for use without any additional processing.

Some guys have all the luck, I'm not one of them.

But, I have
not begun to build a gasifier mainly because once you start gathering up all
the parts needed and figuring out exactly how you are going to construct it
things become far more complicated than they first appeared.

I especially like the FEMA document for step by step DIY building.

It seems to be
terribly important to have NO leaks due to the risk of explosion or death
from CO poisoning. Plus the amount of CO that can be produced can be very
lethal in small amounts so this must also be considered.

From my reading there seems to be two things going on here with leaks,
one all the stuff you pointed out and two, engine normally creates a
vacuum to draw in fuel (gasoline) in and in the case of a gasifier the
engine draw air into the gasifier to create the fuel. When the engine
needs less fuel it draws less air through the gasifier creating less
fuel, when it need more fuel it draws more air, so any leak will also
be vacuum leaks and impede this process. At least that's how I
interpret it.

Curbie

 

[Curbie]

One could turn wood chips, straw, grass, hemp, leaves etc. into pellets
with one of these:http://www.pelletpros.com/id68.html

Thanks, I was going to search around to one of these, anyone have a
link to how one of these work or a DIY link?

Curbie

 

[Curbie]

On Fri, 23 Oct 2009 16:12:53 -0700 (PDT), Jim Wilkins

Jim,

I can appreciate the junkyard approach they took, but I think welded
stainless steel would be better for equipment meant to last, since
brazed steel joints are subject to galvanic corrosion. Ever repair a
car exhaust by brazing and see how quickly it rusts out at the joints?

Stainless isn't rustproof. I salvaged some first-generation
Metalbestos double wall chimney with the inner liner heavily corroded
and even perforated in a few places. The outer shell is fairly easy to
cut and form. http://picasaweb.google.com/KB1DAL/Parts#5285937862376318882

Your right about stainless steel construction, I've read that the WWII
and FEMA type gasifiers only last for a couple hundred hours of use,
but if I understood Ulysses's point correctly, he was first concerned
about functionality nuances, so in my opinion a cheap and easily
modified approach seems better to master the nuances and finalizing a
design before spending for stainless steel construction and longevity.

I suppose as long as people are aware of the pitfall, they can make a
choice that best suit them?

Good point though.

Curbie

 

[Ulysses]

Ulysses,

Me too!

To my understanding, all gasifiers require fuel with some
preprocessing the WWII type wants wants wood cubes .75x.75-2x2 inches
the prevent "bridging", so does the FEMA model, then there are the
pellet models that require palletized fuel like:
http://elevatorman.shawwebspace.ca/pages/view/

I agree, but it seem to me the net energy evaluation should be applied
to all forms of fuels for gasifiers in that for the WWII and FEMA
types you must first cut the three down, cut the tree in to logs,
transport the logs, split the logs, and then cut the splits into
cubes.

Yes, but what I was thinking is that, for the most part, the trees have
already been cut down and transported etc. and the leftover debris could be
used in a gasifier. Stuff that otherwise might go into a landfill. Mother
Earh News wrote an article about a pickup truck that they were running from
woodgas. They were fueling it with stuff they picked up on the side of the
road so processing seems to be more for better efficiency and higher power
output rather than an absolute necessity to get the thing to run. So, if
woodgas-fueled engines became popular sooner or later someone would start
gathering up all the lumberyard leftovers and probably turn them into fuel
pellets and sell them. Then the government would have to start taxing the
pellets, at least for highway use. And of course the EPA would have to test
the emissions and slap a catylitic converter and a smog pump on there.

This requires energy too human or powered, I'm not try to bad-mouth
or over-complicate the wood fuel preprocessing, but some since some
preprocessing energy seems required there too, I'm wondering if by
using algae as a annual feedstock how much energy for preprocess is
needed comparatively?

Like I said, I don't know anything about using algae. It seems like it
would be difficult to cultivate and dry etc but judging from my swimming
pool it's very easy to grow ;-)

Just thinking out loud, it seems I could pump/pipe water/algae to a
juicer type centrifuge for separation and partial drying (it seems I
would have tree falling, logging, and transport energy equivalence for
this). Then press the separated algae into cubes or pellets (it seems
I would have splitting and cubing energy equivalence for this).

Some guys have all the luck, I'm not one of them.

I especially like the FEMA document for step by step DIY building.

From my reading there seems to be two things going on here with leaks,
one all the stuff you pointed out and two, engine normally creates a
vacuum to draw in fuel (gasoline) in and in the case of a gasifier the
engine draw air into the gasifier to create the fuel. When the engine
needs less fuel it draws less air through the gasifier creating less
fuel, when it need more fuel it draws more air, so any leak will also
be vacuum leaks and impede this process. At least that's how I
interpret it.

When I inquired at a welding newsgroup I was told repeatedly that it would
be very difficult to weld a pipe to a steel drum. Another option would be
to use something like pipe flanges bolted onto the drum (or whatever
container is to be used) and seal it with something like stove cement. That
might work. So far I have read only one account on this NG from someone who
actually built a woodgas generator and it blew up. I don't remember who it
was or what caused the explosion but that particular person had no more
interest in woodgas generators. BTW by "generator" I mean a device that
produces the gas, not an electrical generator.

Someone mentioned acids that exist in the vapor/gas and the problems
associated with that. The "tar" could be filtered out (I was thinking of
using a pre-filter that is cheap and easy to replace) and perhaps then using
an automotive air filter, preferably whichever one is cheapest and easiest
to find--probably a circular one for a carburated engine. Perhaps the acids
could be removed by using a water-wash filter (forget exactly what they are
called but they were once used in paint booths for lacquer etc).
Unfortunately these require quite a bit of power. Then the water vapor
might need to be removed or oil added to the mixture to prevent rust in the
cylinder. Or perhaps an engine that is not made of ferrous materials could
be used. I read somewhere that the IC engine was originally designed to run
from woodgas/producer gas so these problems must have been worked out
already, at least to some extent.

It sounds to me that getting an IC engine to run from woodgas is not a huge
challenge. Getting one to run reliably for an extended amount of time seems
to be the tricky part.

 

[Curbie]

Ulysses,

It may help understanding to pull the gasification process apart to
see what's going on inside the gasifier; to my understanding, the
gasifiers have two chambers and for the sake of a simple discussion
we'll call one the heating chamber and the other the reaction chamber.
Also for the sake of discussion we'll assume this hypothetical gasifer
is a FEMA design, running and operating properly.

HEAT CHAMBER:
The bio-mass is gravity feed from the fuel bin (along with a little
shaking produced by bumps in the path) into the heat chamber where
this fuel is sacrificed for 1) heat needed by the reaction chamber
(1000°C or 1850°F), 2) carbon needed by the reaction chamber, and 3)
to vaporize moisture (water) in the fuel for steam also needed by the
reaction chamber.

REACTION CHAMBER:
At this point in a running gasifier the heat chamber is supplying the
reaction chamber with heat, carbon (C) (which is gravity feed and
can't be so small in size as to fall through the reaction chamber
grate), and steam (H2O) and the purpose of the reaction chamber is to
chemical rearrange these molecules into combustible compounds (gases)
that we can fuel an I.C.E. with.

The chemical rearrangement looks like: H20 (steam) along with C
(carbon) rearranges to H2 (2 parts hydrogen) and CO (carbon monoxide),
about 20% of output gas volume for each (the gases we want) along with
60% nitrogen left over from intake air (a gas we don't really want).

Yes, but what I was thinking is that, for the most part, the trees have
already been cut down and transported etc. and the leftover debris could be
used in a gasifier. Stuff that otherwise might go into a landfill. Mother
Earh News wrote an article about a pickup truck that they were running from
woodgas. They were fueling it with stuff they picked up on the side of the
road so processing seems to be more for better efficiency and higher power
output rather than an absolute necessity to get the thing to run.

Well sort of, my understanding is that preprocessing fuel serves two
functions, one to size the fuel so won't fall through or "bridge" the
reaction chamber grate, and drying the fuel so it contains about 10-15
moisture for steam.

So, if woodgas-fueled engines became popular sooner or later someone
would start gathering up all the lumberyard leftovers and probably turn
them into fuel pellets and sell them. Then the government would have
to start taxing the pellets, at least for highway use. And of course the
EPA would have to test the emissions and slap a catylitic converter
and a smog pump on there.

Death and taxes, or tax to death, depending.

Like I said, I don't know anything about using algae. It seems like it
would be difficult to cultivate and dry etc but judging from my swimming
pool it's very easy to grow ;-)

The easy to grow part is why I'm thinking about it, I think drying and
sizing is a requirement for all bio gasification.

When I inquired at a welding newsgroup I was told repeatedly that it would
be very difficult to weld a pipe to a steel drum. Another option would be
to use something like pipe flanges bolted onto the drum (or whatever
container is to be used) and seal it with something like stove cement. That
might work. So far I have read only one account on this NG from someone who
actually built a woodgas generator and it blew up. I don't remember who it
was or what caused the explosion but that particular person had no more
interest in woodgas generators. BTW by "generator" I mean a device that
produces the gas, not an electrical generator.

If it was me, I stick to the FEMA plans step by step and use the few
hundred hour life expectancy to test modifications and than have a
professional weld a stainless steel final design, "test on the cheap,
build to last".

Someone mentioned acids that exist in the vapor/gas and the problems
associated with that. The "tar" could be filtered out (I was thinking of
using a pre-filter that is cheap and easy to replace) and perhaps then using
an automotive air filter, preferably whichever one is cheapest and easiest
to find--probably a circular one for a carburated engine. Perhaps the acids
could be removed by using a water-wash filter (forget exactly what they are
called but they were once used in paint booths for lacquer etc).
Unfortunately these require quite a bit of power. Then the water vapor
might need to be removed or oil added to the mixture to prevent rust in the
cylinder. Or perhaps an engine that is not made of ferrous materials could
be used. I read somewhere that the IC engine was originally designed to run
from woodgas/producer gas so these problems must have been worked out
already, at least to some extent.

From people who are currently doing this, the big concern is "fly ash"
(what's left over the fuel combustion and is so light it can be drawn
into to output gas stream. Fly ash is BIG-time abrasive and can
destroy an I.C.E. if not removed from the output gas. The gasifier
group uses a cyclone is a type of filtration device that uses
centripetal forces to remove particulate in the output gas stream.
CYCLONE:
http://elevatorman.shawwebspace.ca/pages/view/files_section/

It sounds to me that getting an IC engine to run from woodgas is not a huge
challenge. Getting one to run reliably for an extended amount of time seems
to be the tricky part.

I think your right.
Curbie

 

[Curbie]

New_idea,

For me, this is not primarily about making bio-gas, although it's a
process of interest, it's about solar production of hydrogen, in the
book:
The chemistry and manufacture of hydrogen
by Philip Litherland Teed
http://books.google.com/books?id=iiFDAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1&dq=hydrogen+circular+hearth&output=text

… the author lays out a war-time (WWI) process for making huge amounts
of hydrogen with a small-scale device. In my research of hydrogen
there seems to be two issues, storage and hydrogen production. On a
home-scale, I think I have a solution for storage, but electrolyzing
water/KOH for hydrogen has always been a bit troubling, energy-wise.

Like bio-gasification which uses bio-fuel to produce the heat, carbon,
and steam to then produce 20% of each hydrogen (H2) and carbon
monoxide (CO), the process in the above book uses carbon (C), steam,
and oxygen to 50% of each hydrogen (H2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) with
no nitrogen. I'm obviously interest producing the hydrogen, the carbon
dioxide can also be used to feed the algae to accelerated growth rate.

Even using genetic modified "fast growing trees" I'm still back to the
issue of falling, cutting, transporting, splitting and cubing the
wood, which algae may provide a solution to.

Curbie