The most destructive crop on earth is no solution to the energy crisis
by George Monbiot RELATED
Over the past two years I have made an uncomfortable discovery. Like most
environmentalists, I have been as blind to the constraints affecting our
energy supply as my opponents have been to climate change. I now realise
that I have entertained a belief in magic.
In 2003, the biologist Jeffrey Dukes calculated that the fossil fuels we
burn in one year were made from organic matter "containing 44 x 1018 grams
of carbon, which is more than 400 times the net primary productivity of the
planet's current biota". In plain English, this means that every year we use
four centuries' worth of plants and animals.
The idea that we can simply replace this fossil legacy - and the
extraordinary power densities it gives us - with ambient energy is the stuff
of science fiction. There is simply no substitute for cutting back. But
substitutes are being sought everywhere. They are being promoted today at
the climate talks in Montreal, by states - such as ours - that seek to avoid
the hard decisions climate change demands. And at least one substitute is
worse than the fossil-fuel burning it replaces.
The last time I drew attention to the hazards of making diesel fuel from
vegetable oils, I received as much abuse as I have ever been sent for my
stance on the Iraq war. The biodiesel missionaries, I discovered, are as
vociferous in their denial as the executives of Exxon. I am now prepared to
admit that my previous column was wrong. But they're not going to like it. I
was wrong because I underestimated the fuel's destructive impact.
Before I go any further, I should make it clear that turning used chip fat
into motor fuel is a good thing. The people slithering around all day in
vats of filth are performing a service to society. But there is enough waste
cooking oil in the UK to meet a 380th of our demand for road transport fuel.
Beyond that, the trouble begins.
When I wrote about it last year, I thought that the biggest problem caused
by biodiesel was that it set up a competition for land use. Arable land that
would otherwise have been used to grow food would instead be used to grow
fuel. But now I find that something even worse is happening. The biodiesel
industry has accidentally invented the world's most carbon-intensive fuel.
In promoting biodiesel - as the EU, the British and US governments and
thousands of environmental campaigners do - you might imagine that you are
creating a market for old chip fat, or rapeseed oil, or oil from algae grown
in desert ponds. In reality you are creating a market for the most
destructive crop on earth.
Last week, the chairman of Malaysia's federal land development authority
announced that he was about to build a new biodiesel plant. His was the
ninth such decision in four months. Four new refineries are being built in
Peninsula Malaysia, one in Sarawak and two in Rotterdam. Two foreign
consortiums - one German, one American - are setting up rival plants in
Singapore. All of them will be making biodiesel from the same source: oil
from palm trees.
"The demand for biodiesel," the Malaysian Star reports, "will come from the
European Community ... This fresh demand ... would, at the very least, take
up most of Malaysia's crude palm oil inventories." Why? Because it is
cheaper than biodiesel made from any other crop.
In September, Friends of the Earth published a report about the impact of
palm oil production. "Between 1985 and 2000," it found, "the development of
oil-palm plantations was responsible for an estimated 87 per cent of
deforestation in Malaysia". In Sumatra and Borneo, some 4 million hectares
of forest have been converted to palm farms. Now a further 6 million
hectares are scheduled for clearance in Malaysia, and 16.5 million in
Indonesia.
Almost all the remaining forest is at risk. Even the famous Tanjung Puting
national park in Kalimantan is being ripped apart by oil planters. The
orangutan is likely to become extinct in the wild. Sumatran rhinos, tigers,
gibbons, tapirs, proboscis monkeys and thousands of other species could go
the same way.
Thousands of indigenous people have been evicted from their lands, and some
500 Indonesians have been tortured when they tried to resist. The forest
fires which every so often smother the region in smog are mostly started by
the palm growers. The entire region is being turned into a gigantic
vegetable oil field.
Before oil palms, which are small and scrubby, are planted, vast forest
trees, containing a much greater store of carbon, must be felled and burnt.
Having used up the drier lands, the plantations are moving into the swamp
forests, which grow on peat. When they've cut the trees, the planters drain
the ground. As the peat dries it oxidises, releasing even more carbon
dioxide than the trees. In terms of its impact on both the local and global
environments, palm biodiesel is more destructive than crude oil from
Nigeria.
The British government understands this. In a report published last month,
when it announced that it would obey the EU and ensure that 5.75% of our
transport fuel came from plants by 2010, it admitted "the main environmental
risks are likely to be those concerning any large expansion in biofuel
feedstock production, and particularly in Brazil (for sugar cane) and
south-east Asia (for palm oil plantations)."
It suggested that the best means of dealing with the problem was to prevent
environmentally destructive fuels from being imported. The government asked
its consultants whether a ban would infringe world trade rules. The answer
was yes: "Mandatory environmental criteria ... would greatly increase the
risk of international legal challenge to the policy as a whole." So it
dropped the idea of banning imports, and called for "some form of voluntary
scheme" instead. Knowing that the creation of this market will lead to a
massive surge in imports of palm oil, knowing that there is nothing
meaningful it can do to prevent them, and knowing that they will accelerate
rather than ameliorate climate change, the government has decided to go
ahead anyway.
At other times it happily defies the EU. But what the EU wants and what the
government wants are the same. "It is essential that we balance the
increasing demand for travel," the government's report says, "with our goals
for protecting the environment." Until recently, we had a policy of reducing
the demand for travel. Now, though no announcement has been made, that
policy has gone. Like the Tories in the early 1990s, the Labour
administration seeks to accommodate demand, however high it rises.
Figures obtained last week by the campaigning group Road Block show that for
the widening of the M1 alone the government will pay £3.6bn - more than it
is spending on its entire climate change programme. Instead of attempting to
reduce demand, it is trying to alter supply. It is prepared to sacrifice the
south-east Asian rainforests in order to be seen to be doing something, and
to allow motorists to feel better about themselves.
All this illustrates the futility of the technofixes now being pursued in
Montreal. Trying to meet a rising demand for fuel is madness, wherever the
fuel might come from. The hard decisions have been avoided, and another
portion of the biosphere is going up in smoke.