A
awhite
Some questions: What is the field inside a 12cm diameter, vertical,
meter long positively charged pipe that is closed at the top except
for a 1cm diameter hole in the center for a gas inlet tube and open at
the other end with a 4mm gap between the rim of this open end and the
closed, but for a funnel shaped hole in the middle, end of a slightly
larger 12.8cm diameter 1 meter long grounded pipe that extends upward
and surrounds the first pipe and is open at the opposite(upper) end?
The funnel shaped hole is 1 to 2 cm in the narrowest part. A potential
difference of 20kV between the pipes produces a vertical axial field
and a radial field on H2 molecules entering the inner pipe in a 10^-6
Torr vacuum at 1840m/s and so spending 1/1840 sec before exiting the
tube or hitting the sides of the funnel shaped hole.
Rutherford used such an apparatus to produce and accelerate protons
in 1934 before lineacs and cyclatrons etc were used for proton beams
etc. and reported that after running for some time this apparatus
produced a 1 milliamp beam of protons into a Faraday cylinder and
19millamp current of electrons moving toward and through the pipe. And
this proton beam occurred with a voltage of 20kV and changes in this
voltage produced no better ratio of protons to electrons. (perhaps
because protons recombined and remained with electrons on the surface
of the funnel shaped hole?)
Since V=Ed and d =1 meter from the closed end of the positive pipe to
the almost closed end of the grounded pipe, wouldn't the vertical
tangential acceleration given to an electron in an H2 molecule from
this field be
(x)( eE)(10^-3)/9(10^-31) = [(2)(x) ((1.602)(10^-19
)(10^(4-3))]/(9)(10^-31) for some small fraction,x, of the 10^-3
seconds that the molecule moves the length of the pipe, when this force
is unopposed, twice every 10^-15 sec about, by the nuclei holding the
electrons in their orbits around the proton nuclei? Thus x is about
10^-6 and this produces evidently an elliptical extension of the bound
orbits enough to cause ejection of the electrons. Note mv^2/r
=9(10^9)e^2/r^2 where r then is twice the .5 (10^-10) Hydrogen atom
radius we can estimate the speed,v, of the figure eight or circular
orbiting molecular electrons (9(10^9)e^2/rm)^1/2= 10^6 m/s . and the
escape velocity is 1.4 times this.
If the funnel shaped hole was widened and the voltage increased so
the field remained the same, would this increase the ratio of protons
and electrons in the total current produced? If the length of the pipes
was increased and the voltage so that the field remained the same would
this increase the ratio of protons to electrons?
Further acceleration of the beam by a negatively charged 2cm long
pipe section of the same 12 cm diameter at a gap of 4mm below the
funnel shaped hole could be focused into a narrower beam by a 1 to 2cm
long pipe section at a gap of 4mm below this and charged to a higher
potential that would slightly retard the accelerated protons. The beam
could be directed thusly through a small hole in a pipe section at a
gap of 4mm below this and at a more negative potential. What should
the focusing potential etc be relative to the preceding accelerating
potential? And how best to determine the number of protons that got
through the hole compared to those that didn't?
meter long positively charged pipe that is closed at the top except
for a 1cm diameter hole in the center for a gas inlet tube and open at
the other end with a 4mm gap between the rim of this open end and the
closed, but for a funnel shaped hole in the middle, end of a slightly
larger 12.8cm diameter 1 meter long grounded pipe that extends upward
and surrounds the first pipe and is open at the opposite(upper) end?
The funnel shaped hole is 1 to 2 cm in the narrowest part. A potential
difference of 20kV between the pipes produces a vertical axial field
and a radial field on H2 molecules entering the inner pipe in a 10^-6
Torr vacuum at 1840m/s and so spending 1/1840 sec before exiting the
tube or hitting the sides of the funnel shaped hole.
Rutherford used such an apparatus to produce and accelerate protons
in 1934 before lineacs and cyclatrons etc were used for proton beams
etc. and reported that after running for some time this apparatus
produced a 1 milliamp beam of protons into a Faraday cylinder and
19millamp current of electrons moving toward and through the pipe. And
this proton beam occurred with a voltage of 20kV and changes in this
voltage produced no better ratio of protons to electrons. (perhaps
because protons recombined and remained with electrons on the surface
of the funnel shaped hole?)
Since V=Ed and d =1 meter from the closed end of the positive pipe to
the almost closed end of the grounded pipe, wouldn't the vertical
tangential acceleration given to an electron in an H2 molecule from
this field be
(x)( eE)(10^-3)/9(10^-31) = [(2)(x) ((1.602)(10^-19
)(10^(4-3))]/(9)(10^-31) for some small fraction,x, of the 10^-3
seconds that the molecule moves the length of the pipe, when this force
is unopposed, twice every 10^-15 sec about, by the nuclei holding the
electrons in their orbits around the proton nuclei? Thus x is about
10^-6 and this produces evidently an elliptical extension of the bound
orbits enough to cause ejection of the electrons. Note mv^2/r
=9(10^9)e^2/r^2 where r then is twice the .5 (10^-10) Hydrogen atom
radius we can estimate the speed,v, of the figure eight or circular
orbiting molecular electrons (9(10^9)e^2/rm)^1/2= 10^6 m/s . and the
escape velocity is 1.4 times this.
If the funnel shaped hole was widened and the voltage increased so
the field remained the same, would this increase the ratio of protons
and electrons in the total current produced? If the length of the pipes
was increased and the voltage so that the field remained the same would
this increase the ratio of protons to electrons?
Further acceleration of the beam by a negatively charged 2cm long
pipe section of the same 12 cm diameter at a gap of 4mm below the
funnel shaped hole could be focused into a narrower beam by a 1 to 2cm
long pipe section at a gap of 4mm below this and charged to a higher
potential that would slightly retard the accelerated protons. The beam
could be directed thusly through a small hole in a pipe section at a
gap of 4mm below this and at a more negative potential. What should
the focusing potential etc be relative to the preceding accelerating
potential? And how best to determine the number of protons that got
through the hole compared to those that didn't?
