The connectors on the back of your TV are mostly RCA connectors. Three of the RCA sockets have RCA plugs in them.
These connectors are normally used for low power signals, but I have seen them used for speaker connections on cheap equipment. In any case these all look like inputs to your TV. (Unless the two on the far left are line level audio output)
The speakers you have seem to connect to the CD player using bare wire where you push on a tab, insert the wire then release the tab. That means the cable doesn't have a connector on it, so you would have to fit one unless the TV had the same sort of speaker connections (which presumably it doesn't).
It is possible that 2 of the RCA sockets on the back of your TV (the red and black ones on the left of your first image) are an audio output. Your CD player has a line input socket (looks like a 3.5mm socket). If you get a cable that has a stereo 3.5mm plug on one end and 2 RCA plugs in the other, you may be able to connect the TV to the CD player, set the current player to AUX, and play the TV though the CD player.