A lot depends on the type of gate. If it's a line driver capable of 80mA then shorting the output will probably exceed the package dissipation limit and result in failure. For a normal gate that may not be the case. However shorting several outputs will probably put you back in a bad place again.
Another issue is the logic family. TTL can sink more current than it can source, so shorting to the positive supply I'd far worse than sorting to ground.
CMOS is relatively tolerant unless the gate is a line driver.
note that the maximum current specified in the datasheet I'd that which allows the output voltage to remain valid. This should not be regarded as a limit to what is possible under conditions where this is not maintained.