I don't understand a reason or purpose for what you're suggesting. You'd need a bulk power source anyway in order to have a higher DC voltage to drop voltage down to 5V with LM7805 but LM7805 is a lossy, low efficiency linear regulator so that makes your bulk power source need be all that much higher in voltage capacity which raises build cost in addition to the power bill and heat management and sheer size of the assembly to deal with heatsinking and/or a fan.
Plus some mobile devices charge faster with a little higher than 5.0V. USB chargers are a dime a dozen these days, I probably have a half dozen spares in my junk drawer and don't see any reason to build such a circuit and mostly negatives in doing so even if it were free from scavenged parts.
What is the specific need you have that is not met with existing, higher efficiency ready to use products?
If you were instead looking to charge Li-Ion batteries directly without them being in the portable devices, then there are existing charge controllers dirt cheap on eBay that will do this, but that seems like a big hassle because you still need to fabricate a charging bay for them which would take many hours to make to exacting size and with springed battery contacts in just the right place, and needing a different one for every different battery.