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Common Mode and Differential Input Impedances

K

Kingcosmos

I am trying to determine how the common-mode and differential input
impedances of difference amplifiers are calculated. I am having a
worse time finding out how these specifications are defined.

For example, if I look at the INA133, the common-mode and differential
input impedance are both 50k. All 4 internal resistors are 25k. The
INA132 seems to follow suit where common-mode and differential input
impedances are 80k, and all 4 resistors are 40k. Seems rather
straight forward although I am not sure how these were really
calculated.

What throws me is the INA106 and the INA143. Both difference
amplifiers have the same set of resistors. The input resistors on
both devices are 10k and the feedback resistors are 100k. Yet the
INA143 has a differential input impedance of 20k, and common-mode
input impedance of 55k, and the INA106 has a differential input
impedance of 10k and differential input impedance of 110k.

What is the difference (no pun intended) and how are these values
calculated/defined? Thanks in advance.
 
J

John Popelish

Kingcosmos wrote:
(snip)
What throws me is the INA106 and the INA143. Both difference
amplifiers have the same set of resistors. The input resistors on
both devices are 10k and the feedback resistors are 100k. Yet the
INA143 has a differential input impedance of 20k, and common-mode
input impedance of 55k, and the INA106 has a differential input
impedance of 10k and differential input impedance of 110k.

What is the difference (no pun intended) and how are these values
calculated/defined? Thanks in advance.

These specs make no sense to me. Assuming ideal opamps, to
simplify the math, the basic assumption is that the inputs
to the opamp have infinite impedance and the voltages of the
two inputs match perfectly.

So the non inverting input just has a pair of resistors in
series to the reference voltage (let's say that is 0 V). So
the impedance of that input must be 10 k plus 100k = 110 k.
This impedance is independent of whether the applied
signal is in common to both inputs or part of a differential
voltage.

The impedance of the inverting input is 10 k to a voltage
source that has a value of 100 k / (10 k + 110 k) = 90.9% of
the voltage applied to the inverting input (since the
feedback forces the - input of the opamp to match the
voltage applied to the + input of the opamp.

So the problem is, how do you replace these two actual
equivalent circuits with a common mode and differential
impedance.

If you tie the two inputs together, they look like 110k in
parallel with 10 k / (1 - 100/110) = 110k. So the common
mode impedance is 110 k /2 = 55 k. Perhaps the INA106 sheet
shows the common mode impedance of each input, individually,
while the INA143 sheet shows their parallel combination.

Differentially, things are messier, since the individual
impedances do not match.

If we apply a voltage to the non inverting input and the
inverse of that voltage to the inverting input, this would
be a purely differential signal with an amplitude of the
difference of the two voltages, but the two currents are
very different. So how do you define a single differential
impedance that involves two different currents, each driven
by half of the voltage? One manufacturer might spec one
half and one might spec the other.

One way to define the differential impedance would be to
apply a completely floating voltage source between the two
inputs. With the uneven differential impedances, that
voltage will be converted to some combination of common mode
voltage and differential voltage. The common mode voltage
should see the 55 k common mode impedance calculated, above,
and the differential component would be loaded with the
effective differential impedance.

So lets say we apply a 1 volt floating source to the two
inputs, with the positive side on the non inverting input.
By virtue of the float, the current into one input must also
be the current from the other. I'll call the voltage
applied to the non inverting input V+ and the current into
that input I+ and the voltage applied to the inverting input
V- and the current into I-.

I+ = - I- and V+ - V- = 1

But I+ = V+ / 110k

so I- = - (V+ / 110k)
(the same current in the other direction)

but from the equivalent circuit of the inverting input,

I- = (V- - (V+ * 100/110))/10k

so we can combine these two equations to find out how the
floating input voltage divides between V+ and V-.

V+ / 110k = ((V+ * 100/110) - V-) / 10k

so V+ = V- * 11/9

or equivalently, V- = V+ * 9/11

Note that both V+ and V- have the same sign, rather than
splitting across zero.

But their difference must be 1 volt, so

1 = V+ - (V+ * 9/11)

So V+ = 11/2 and V- = 9/2

Checking, the differential voltage is 1 volt or 2/2.
The common mode voltage is 10/2.

So each input should produce a common mode current of
(10/2)/110k and a differential current of 1/Rdif.

so I+ = (10/2)/110k + 1/Rdif

but also, I+ = V+ / 110k

therefore, (11/2)/110k = (10/2)/110k + 1/Rdif

So Rdif = 220k

Which matches neither data sheet, so I am satisfied. ;-)

A more useful way to define the input impedances might be to
hold one input at zero and apply voltage to the other, and
define the input impedance under those conditions.

As always, the non inverting input impedance is 110k.

The inverting impedance under this condition is 10k.
 
J

John Popelish

John Popelish wrote:
(snip)
So lets say we apply a 1 volt floating source to the two inputs, with
the positive side on the non inverting input. By virtue of the float,
the current into one input must also be the current from the other.
I'll call the voltage applied to the non inverting input V+ and the
current into that input I+ and the voltage applied to the inverting
input V- and the current into I-.

I+ = - I- and V+ - V- = 1

But I+ = V+ / 110k

so I- = - (V+ / 110k)
(the same current in the other direction)

but from the equivalent circuit of the inverting input,

I- = (V- - (V+ * 100/110))/10k

so we can combine these two equations to find out how the floating input
voltage divides between V+ and V-.

V+ / 110k = ((V+ * 100/110) - V-) / 10k

so V+ = V- * 11/9

or equivalently, V- = V+ * 9/11

Note that both V+ and V- have the same sign, rather than splitting
across zero.

But their difference must be 1 volt, so

1 = V+ - (V+ * 9/11)

So V+ = 11/2 and V- = 9/2

Checking, the differential voltage is 1 volt or 2/2.
The common mode voltage is 10/2.

So each input should produce a common mode current of (10/2)/110k and a
differential current of 1/Rdif.

so I+ = (10/2)/110k + 1/Rdif

but also, I+ = V+ / 110k

therefore, (11/2)/110k = (10/2)/110k + 1/Rdif

So Rdif = 220k
(snip)

This has to be wrong for several reasons.
Can anybody spot them?
 
K

Kingcosmos

Kingcosmos wrote:
As always, the non inverting input impedance is 110k.

The inverting impedance under this condition is 10k.

This makes perfect sense. I tried, with no much success, Thevenin and
Kirchhoff for the common mode and differential impedances. I am going
to pick the brain of TI, and see what they say.

I was going to go through your analysis, but since you said it is
wrong I guess I will pass :^). I will take a look at it later tonight
to see what I can spot.

Thanks for the reply.
 
(corrected)
So the non inverting input just has a pair of resistors in
series to the reference voltage (let's say that is 0 V). So
the impedance of that input must be 10 k plus 100k = 110 k.
This impedance is independent of whether the applied
signal is in common to both inputs or part of a differential
voltage.

The impedance of the inverting input is 10 k to a voltage
source that has a value of 100 k / (10 k + 110 k) = 90.9% of
the voltage applied to the inverting input (since the
feedback forces the - input of the opamp to match the
voltage applied to the + input of the opamp.

So the problem is, how do you replace these two actual
equivalent circuits with a common mode and differential
impedance.

If you tie the two inputs together, they look like 110k in
parallel with 10 k / (1 - 100/110) = 110k. So the common
mode impedance is 110 k /2 = 55 k. Perhaps the INA106 sheet
shows the common mode impedance of each input, individually,
while the INA143 sheet shows their parallel combination.

Differentially, things are messier, since the individual
impedances do not match.

If we apply a voltage to the non inverting input and the
inverse of that voltage to the inverting input, this would
be a purely differential signal with an amplitude of the
difference of the two voltages, but the two currents are
very different. So how do you define a single differential
impedance that involves two different currents, each driven
by half of the voltage? One manufacturer might spec one
half and one might spec the other.

One way to define the differential impedance would be to
apply a completely floating voltage source between the two
inputs. With the uneven differential impedances, that
voltage will be converted to some combination of common mode
voltage and differential voltage. The common mode voltage
should see the 55 k common mode impedance calculated, above,
and the differential component would be loaded with the
effective differential impedance.

So lets say we apply a 1 volt floating source to the two
inputs, with the positive side on the non inverting input.
By virtue of the float, the current into one input must also
be the current from the other. I'll call the voltage
applied to the non inverting input V+ and the current into
that input I+ and the voltage applied to the inverting input
V- and the current into I-.

I+ = - I- and V+ - V- = 1

And since the signal is purely differential and floating, there can be
no common mode current. Any input current is, by definition,
differential.
But I+ = V+ / 110k

so I- = - (V+ / 110k)
(the same current in the other direction)

but from the equivalent circuit of the inverting input,

I- = (V- - (V+ * 100/110))/10k

so we can combine these two equations to find out how the
floating input voltage divides between V+ and V-.

V+ / 110k = ((V+ * 100/110) - V-) / 10k

so V+ = V- * 11/9

or equivalently, V- = V+ * 9/11

Note that both V+ and V- have the same sign, rather than
splitting across zero.

But their difference must be 1 volt, so

1 = V+ - (V+ * 9/11)

So V+ = 11/2 and V- = 9/2

Checking, the differential voltage is 1 volt or 2/2.
The common mode voltage is 10/2.

So each input should produce a common mode current of
(10/2)/110k and a differential current of 1/Rdif.

Correcton: all current (I+ or I- is differential current.
So skip to bottom.
so I+ = (10/2)/110k + 1/Rdif

but also, I+ = V+ / 110k

therefore, (11/2)/110k = (10/2)/110k + 1/Rdif

So Rdif = 220k

Which matches neither data sheet, so I am satisfied. ;-)

A more useful way to define the input impedances might be to
hold one input at zero and apply voltage to the other, and
define the input impedance under those conditions.

As always, the non inverting input impedance is 110k.

The inverting impedance under this condition is 10k.

Rdif = 1/I+ = 110k / V+ = 110k/(11/2) = 20k

So if you drive the difference amplifier with a transformer winding or
other floating source, it will see a 20k differential load impedance.
 
T

The Phantom

I am trying to determine how the common-mode and differential input
impedances of difference amplifiers are calculated. I am having a
worse time finding out how these specifications are defined.

For example, if I look at the INA133, the common-mode and differential
input impedance are both 50k.

How do you get this? The second page of the INA133 data sheet says the
differential impedance = 50k and the common mode impedance = 25k.
All 4 internal resistors are 25k. The
INA132 seems to follow suit where common-mode and differential input
impedances are 80k

Yes, that's what the data sheet says. Seems inconsistent with what the
INA133 sheet says.
, and all 4 resistors are 40k. Seems rather
straight forward although I am not sure how these were really
calculated.

What throws me is the INA106 and the INA143. Both difference
amplifiers have the same set of resistors. The input resistors on
both devices are 10k and the feedback resistors are 100k. Yet the
INA143 has a differential input impedance of 20k, and common-mode
input impedance of 55k, and the INA106 has a differential input
impedance of 10k and differential input impedance of 110k.

What is the difference (no pun intended) and how are these values
calculated/defined? Thanks in advance.

It's too bad they don't say what circuit connections were used to determine
those impedances. I assume that figure 1 of each data sheet would be the
configuration to use.

I would also assume that the common mode impedance is measured with the two
inputs tied together and driven together.

Let Ri be the two input resistors, and Ro be the two output resistors. My
nodal analysis indicates that if the amplifier gain is very high, the
common mode input impedance is (Ri + Ro)/2 and the differential input
impedance is 2 * Ri.

This is for the circuit of Figure 1 on each data sheet.

The INA133 and INA143 data sheets are consistent with this analysis, but
the other two aren't. I wonder why.

For the INA143, they don't say whether the impedances are for a gain of 10
or .1; my analysis indicates that the common mode impedance would be the
same, but the differential impedance for the .1 gain configuration would be
200k.
 
K

Kingcosmos

How do you get this? The second page of the INA133 data sheet says the
differential impedance = 50k and the common mode impedance = 25k.


Ah, you are correct. I read far too many datasheets last night trying
to correlate. My mistake. I am waiting for a response from TI, but I
will look at your explanation later as well. Thanks for the reply.
 
K

Kingcosmos

A quick update. The information I received was not defintive;
however, it seems that the impedances were derived from Spice analysis
during testing. The other explanation given is what you guys have
already explained. It depends on how the inputs are driven. So I
guess in that manner, everyone is correct. :^). It is a shame that
there are no figures in the datasheet showing the test circuits.
Thanks for the help.
 
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